HGH – Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone is a vital substance secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, playing a crucial role in growth and development. Growth hormone (GH) levels peak during late adolescence and gradually decline after the second decade of life. For over 40 years, growth hormone has been used to treat medical conditions, but in recent decades, it has gained popularity among various age groups and athletes seeking performance enhancement. GH ranks among the top three most abused substances in the sports world.
What is Human Growth Hormone?
Human growth hormone, commonly known as HGH, hGH, or GH, stimulates cell production, growth, and metabolic processes in the body. Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, GH works alongside other hormones to ensure proper human development. GH levels peak at puberty and significantly decline around age 40.
Growth hormone is widely accessible at health food stores, spas, and through alternative care practitioners, often marketed under names like Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, and Serostim.
Pharmacology of GH
The majority of available GH is manufactured using recombinant DNA technology, primarily as somatropin or somatrem. Both types exhibit similar pharmacological effects and are indistinguishable from naturally occurring GH once injected. Growth hormone binds to GH receptors in various tissues, stimulating numerous cellular actions. Its physiological effects include metabolic regulation, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and increasing muscle and skeletal mass. Notably, GH levels rise during sleep, exercise, and in response to stress.
When do GH Levels Change?
Imbalances in GH levels can lead to serious medical conditions. Excessive human growth hormone may result in acromegaly, characterized by enlarged extremities or pituitary gigantism, which causes extreme height due to GH overproduction. Conversely, deficiency can lead to significant health issues and short stature.
Approved Clinical Uses of GH
The FDA has authorized several injectable preparations of HGH, which are only available via prescription from licensed physicians. Initially approved in 1985 for Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) in children, its use has expanded to include treatments for conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, renal insufficiency, Turner syndrome, idiopathic short stature, and intrauterine growth retardation. GH therapy is also approved for adults experiencing HIV-related wasting syndrome.
Research indicates that GH injections can lead to:
- Increased muscle mass and bone density
- Decreased body fat
- Improved cognitive function
- Enhanced exercise performance
- Increased cardiovascular stamina
Dosage
GH is administered via injection, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and acts rapidly once absorbed into the bloodstream. Although dosing strategies remain variable, current research suggests it should be tailored to IGF levels. Typical adult dosages range from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg body weight, depending on product type and intended use, with GH available in both powder and liquid forms.
Side Effects of Growth Hormone
Use of GH may result in several adverse effects, including:
- Generalized edema
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint and muscle discomfort
- Nerve discomfort (e.g., numbness and tingling)
- Heightened blood glucose levels
Is a Prescription Required for GH?
Legal prescription of GH is limited to FDA-approved purposes, although it is often misused for performance enhancement and anti-aging. Off-label applications are largely unapproved by the FDA, primarily due to the risks associated with altering natural GH levels. Despite claims of miraculous effects, GH can be accompanied by severe side effects warranting caution prior to treatment initiation.
Potential Risks of GH Usage
Overdose of GH poses significant risks, including conditions like acromegaly from excessive production. The hormone’s cell-growth stimulation may inadvertently promote cancer cell proliferation, resulting in severe cancers. Other less serious side effects may include fluid retention, carpal tunnel syndrome, joint pain, and type 2 diabetes. Individuals considering GH therapy for anti-aging must evaluate the associated risks comprehensively.
Off-Label Use
Bodybuilding
Among the most common off-label uses of GH are anti-aging and bodybuilding. It ranks as one of the most abused substances among athletes, despite its illegal possession and distribution. Bodybuilders often combine it with various drugs, complicating the identification of which substance truly impacts performance. Many athletes prefer GH due to the challenges of detection.
Costs for HGH can vary drastically, typically ranging from $500 to $2,000 monthly, with some encountering counterfeit products.
Anti-Aging
Another prevalent off-label use of GH is in the pursuit of youthful appearance. Many individuals seek to diminish signs of aging, including wrinkles, though HGH is not FDA-approved for anti-aging purposes and lacks evidence for reversing skin changes.
With the popularity of human growth hormone, ineffective imitation treatments, particularly in pill form, have burgeoned into a $70 million market. Consumers may spend $10,000 to $20,000 annually for authentic GH injections, often administered at anti-aging facilities.
Availability
Most individuals acquire HGH illegally, whether through theft, unregulated prescriptions, or smuggling from other countries. Many online pharmacies offer GH, often run by physicians who write prescriptions without patient consultations. Numerous buyers resort to the black market for their supplies.
Despite the necessity of injections for effective administration, various forms like sprays or topical gels are misleadingly marketed, as these delivery methods have minimal absorption rates.
Challenges of Testing
Detecting synthetic GH is extremely difficult, with existing methods unable to trace it beyond 48 hours after injection, a fact well-known among athletes. Before using any substance, athletes frequently inquire about testing capabilities.
Sermorelin
Sermorelin, a newer drug often counterfeited, acts as a biological analog of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), which initiates GH production. It remains undetectable in blood or urine after a certain threshold. Consequently, Sermorelin presents a safer alternative without the harsh side effects of GH, although it is not a substitute for individuals with absent GH.
Sermorelin typically costs between $300 and $1,000 for a month’s supply.
Control Status
The prevalent misuse of HGH has led to strict Federal Regulations. The 1990 Anabolic Steroids Act criminalizes possession, sales, and distribution, with penalties including incarceration and fines. In 2007, a Senate bill aimed to add HGH to schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act. The World Anti-Doping Agency and International Olympic Committee classify GH as a performance-enhancing drug, prohibiting its use among athletes.

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