HGH – Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone (HGH) is a naturally occurring protein secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, crucial for normal growth and development. Growth hormone (GH) levels peak in late adolescence, declining steadily after the age of 25. Over the past four decades, HGH has been employed to treat various medical conditions. Recently, an increasing interest has emerged among middle-aged individuals seeking anti-aging benefits, teenagers aspiring for enhanced physiques, and athletes pursuing performance improvements. Notably, growth hormone abuse ranks as one of the top three substances misused in sports.
What is Human Growth Hormone?
Abbreviated as HGH, hGH, and GH, this hormone plays a vital role in stimulating cell production, growth, and metabolic functions within the body. Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, GH collaborates with other hormones to promote appropriate human development. Generally, GH levels soar during puberty and decrease significantly around age 40.
HGH is readily available at health food stores, spas, and many nutritional and alternative care providers, often sold under various brand names, including Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, and Serostim.
Pharmacology of HGH
Most available GH is synthesized using recombinant DNA technology, with two primary synthetic forms: somatropin and somatrem. Both exhibit similar pharmacological effects and are indistinguishable from natural GH once injected. GH binds to specific receptors across tissues, eliciting diverse cellular actions, including metabolism regulation and skeletal muscle development. GH levels rise during stress, sleep, and exercise.
Conditions Affecting GH Levels
Inadequate or excessive GH can lead to serious health issues. An overproduction may result in acromegaly, characterized by enlarged extremities and rapid cell growth, or pituitary gigantism, causing extreme height due to excess GH. Conversely, GH deficiency can result in short stature conditions adversely impacting overall health.
FDA-Approved Clinical Uses for GH
The FDA regulates several injectable HGH preparations, available only via prescription from licensed healthcare providers. Initially approved in 1985 for growth hormone deficiency (GHD), subsequent approvals have included treatment for various conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, Turner syndrome, and intrauterine growth retardation, as well as GHD related to pituitary tumors and AIDS wasting syndrome.
Evident benefits of HGH injections for these conditions include:
- Enhanced muscle mass and bone density
- Reduced body fat
- Improved cognitive function
- Increased exercise performance
- Heightened cardiovascular stress tolerance
Dosage Guidelines
HGH is administered exclusively via injection (subcutaneous or intramuscular) and metabolizes rapidly into the bloodstream. Dosing is commonly adjusted according to body weight and may range from 0.01-0.1 mg/kg for adults, depending on product type and purpose. Available as a powder or liquid, the powder requires solubilization in a saline solution prior to injection.
Side Effects of HGH
HGH can lead to several side effects, including:
- Generalized edema
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint and muscle discomfort
- Neuropathies (numbness and tingling)
- Elevated blood glucose levels
Prescription Requirements for GH
HGH is only legally prescribed for FDA-approved purposes, with many off-label uses, including athletic enhancement and anti-aging treatments, lacking FDA approval due to potential risks exceeding benefits. Despite its popularity, potential side effects warrant caution prior to initiating HGH therapy.
Risks Associated with GH Use
The primary risk of GH is overdose, which can lead to conditions like acromegaly. Due to its role in cell growth, GH use may also inadvertently stimulate the growth of cancerous cells, such as leukemia and prostate cancer. Less severe risks include fluid retention, carpal tunnel syndrome, joint pain, and type 2 diabetes. Individuals considering GH therapy for anti-aging should weigh the associated risks carefully against potential benefits.
Off-Label Use
Bodybuilding: HGH is extensively misused in bodybuilding, with availability posing legal challenges. Users often combine HGH with various drugs, complicating the determination of which agent augments body composition. Despite being illegal, GH is difficult to detect, contributing to its popularity among athletes. Costs for HGH can vary widely, reaching up to $2,000 a month.
Anti-Aging
Another common off-label use for HGH is anti-aging treatments. Users seek to diminish facial wrinkles and attain a youthful appearance; however, no evidence supports its efficacy in this regard. The anti-aging sector related to HGH generates a sizable market, with users spending substantial amounts on treatments, despite lacking FDA endorsement.
Availability
Most individuals acquire HGH through illegal channels, sometimes stolen or prescribed without proper medical evaluation. Counterfeit products proliferate online, with many internet pharmacies distributing HGH without direct patient consultations. Although some promote topical or nasal forms of HGH, these methods offer limited absorption.
Testing Limitations
Detecting synthetic HGH in the body remains challenging. Current testing methods typically fail to identify GH beyond 48 hours post-injection, providing an advantage for informed athletes.
Sermorelin
Sermorelin, a newer drug, is a biological analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, stimulating HGH production by the anterior pituitary. It remains undetectable after a certain timeframe and typically requires 3-4 weeks for noticeable effects. Designed primarily for the aging population, it does not serve as a replacement for GH deficiency and ranges in cost from $300-$1,000 monthly.
Control Status
Due to widespread abuse, federal regulations have emerged to restrict HGH’s sale and distribution. The 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act classifies illegal possession or distribution as a crime, facing severe penalties, including jail time and fines. In March 2007, legislation was proposed to classify HGH as a schedule III substance, with the World Anti-Doping Agency listing it as a performance-enhancing drug prohibiting athlete use.
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