HGH – Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone, or HGH, is a vital substance produced by the anterior pituitary gland, crucial for growth and development. The secretion of growth hormone (GH) starts at birth, peaking during late adolescence and declining in the 2nd decade of life. Over the past four decades, GH has been utilized to address specific medical conditions, but in the last thirty years, a surge of interest has emerged, with varied groups from middle-aged individuals seeking anti-aging solutions to teenagers aiming for body enhancement and athletes looking to improve performance. Among substances misused by athletes, GH ranks among the top three.
What is Human Growth Hormone?
Human growth hormone, often referred to as HGH, hGH, or GH, plays a critical role in cell production, growth, and metabolic functions. Secreted by the anterior pituitary, located at the skull’s base, GH works synergistically with other hormones to regulate optimal human growth and development. Levels typically peak during puberty, significantly decreasing by age 40.Growth hormone is easily accessible at health food stores, spas, and through nutrient and alternative medicine practitioners, often marketed under names such as Genotropin®, Humatrope®, Norditropin®, Nutropin®, Saizen®, and Serostim®.
Pharmacology
HGH is primarily manufactured using recombinant DNA technology, with two synthetic versions: somatropin and somatrem. Both synthetic types exhibit similar pharmacological effects. Once injected, they are indistinguishable from naturally occurring GH, binding to GH receptors across tissues and eliciting a variety of cellular responses. GH regulates metabolism, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, and boosts skeletal and muscle mass, with levels rising during stress, sleep, and exercise.
Conditions Affecting GH Levels
Medical conditions can arise from both elevated and deficient GH levels. Excess GH can lead to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged extremities and rapid cell growth, or pituitary gigantism, marked by excessive height. Conversely, GH deficiency can cause significant health issues, including various forms of short stature.
FDA Approved Clinical Uses of GH
The FDA has sanctioned multiple injectable HGH preparations available strictly via prescription. Initially approved in 1985 for treating short stature due to GH deficiency (GHD), subsequent approvals included conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, hypoplastic conditions, and other associated complications. Recently, GH therapy has been authorized to address growth hormone deficiencies linked to pituitary tumors and AIDS-related wasting syndrome.
- Increased muscle mass and bone density
- Decreased body fat
- Enhanced cognitive function
- Improved exercise performance
- Greater cardiovascular stress tolerance
Dosage
Growth hormone is exclusively administered via injection, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly, with rapid absorption into the bloodstream. Proper dosing remains unclear, but latest studies suggest dosing based on IGF levels while many physicians use body weight as a guideline. Typical adult dosing ranges from 0.01-0.1 mg/kg, varying depending on the product and purpose.
Side Effects of Growth Hormone
Potential side effects of GH can be unsettling, including:
- Generalized edema
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint and muscle discomfort
- Neuropathies (e.g., numbness, tingling)
- Elevated blood glucose
Prescription Requirements for GH
GH is legally prescribed only for FDA-approved conditions. Off-label uses, such as performance enhancement and anti-aging treatments, are widespread, though not sanctioned. The FDA restricts GH therapy primarily to avoid potential risks that overshadow any alleged benefits. Users are urged to consider significant side effects before embarking on treatment.
Potential Risks of Taking GH
Risks of overdose from GH are significant, potentially causing conditions like acromegaly. Since GH boosts cell growth, it may inadvertently promote undesirable cell proliferation, increasing the risk of cancers, including leukemia and prostate cancer. Less severe side effects include fluid retention, carpal tunnel syndrome, joint pain, and type 2 diabetes. Those considering anti-aging treatments with GH should evaluate the associated risks and benefits carefully.
Off-Label Use
BodybuildingGrowth hormone is notably misused for bodybuilding and anti-aging purposes, being one of the most abused substances in sports. Although widely available, its possession or sale remains illegal. Bodybuilders often combine numerous drugs alongside HGH, complicating the identification of causative agents in body enhancement. GH‘s subtlety in detection fuels its misuse, with costs ranging from $500 to $2000 monthly, occasionally involving counterfeit products.
Anti-Aging
A significant off-label application for GH focuses on anti-aging, appealing to those wanting to diminish facial wrinkles. Despite extensive advertising, GH lacks FDA approval for such use, with no substantiated evidence supporting its efficacy in reversing skin aging. This lucrative market for unproven “counterfeit” treatments thrives, with some individuals paying thousands annually for authentic injections at clinics.
Availability
Many individuals acquire HGH illegally, whether through theft from pharmacies or unscrupulous physicians prescribing off-label. Instances of smuggling from Mexico and Europe are also common, alongside internet pharmacies selling GH with minimal oversight. Although the proper administration method is injection, misleading marketing promotes alternatives such as sprays or gels, which are largely ineffective.
Testing Limitations
Detecting synthetic GH remains challenging, with existing methods capable of identifying it only for 48 hours post-injection—knowledge well understood by many athletes.
Sermorelin
Sermorelin is a novel, counterfeit-sensitive substance that prompts the anterior pituitary gland to release GH. Undetectable in blood or urine after varying time periods, it remains appealing to athletes. Effects take 3-4 weeks to manifest, gradually enhancing strength without significant side effects associated with traditional GH. Sermorelin, typically not a suitable GH replacement, costs between $300 and $1000 monthly.
Control Status
The rampant abuse of HGH has prompted federal restrictions on its sale and distribution. Under the 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act, unauthorized possession, sale, or distribution of GH constitutes a crime, attracting serious legal ramifications. In March 2007, an amendment was proposed to classify HGH as a Schedule III substance. Current regulations from the World Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee prohibit its use in sports settings.
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