HGH – Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone, known as HGH, is a vital substance produced by the anterior pituitary gland, crucial for growth and development. Its levels peak during late adolescence, subsequently declining in the 2nd decade of life. Over 40 years ago, growth hormone was introduced for specific medical treatments, but in the past 30 years, it has gained immense popularity among those seeking anti-aging solutions, athletes aiming for enhanced performance, and teenagers wanting to build muscle. Among athletes, growth hormone ranks among the top three illicitly abused substances.
What is Human Growth Hormone?
Human growth hormone (abbreviated as HGH, hGH, and GH) activates cellular growth, production, and metabolic processes in the body. Produced by the anterior pituitary, it works with other hormones to regulate normal human growth and development, peaking during puberty and declining significantly after age 40.Growth hormone is widely available at health food stores and spas, often under brand names like Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, and Serostim.
Pharmacology
Most available GH is produced using recombinant DNA technology, specifically as somatropin and somatrem. After injection, these synthetic versions are indistinguishable from naturally occurring GH. Growth hormone binds to specific receptors, triggering various cellular activities that regulate metabolism, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and increase muscle mass. Levels of GH typically rise during stress, sleep, and exercise.
Conditions Affecting GH Levels
Abnormal GH levels can lead to health issues. Excess human growth hormone may cause conditions like acromegaly—characterized by enlarged extremities and serious health complications—or pituitary gigantism, resulting in extreme height. Conversely, GH deficiency can lead to significant health challenges, including stunted growth.
Approved Clinical Uses of GH
The FDA has approved multiple injectable HGH preparations, which require a prescription from a licensed physician. Initially approved in 1985 for treating short stature due to GH deficiency, subsequent approvals include conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, and HIV-related wasting syndrome. Clinical evidence suggests GH therapy can lead to:
- Increased muscle mass and bone density
- Decreased body fat
- Improved mental function
- Enhanced exercise performance
- Greater cardiovascular resilience during stress
Dosage
GH is administered via injection—subcutaneous or intramuscular—and acts rapidly post-absorption. While ideal dosing relies on IGF levels, most physicians prescribe based on body weight, typically ranging from 0.01-0.1 mg/kg. Growth hormone is available in either powder or liquid form, with powder needing a saline solution for solubilization before injection.
Side Effects of Growth Hormone
While GH can be beneficial, it carries several potential side effects including:
- Generalized edema
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint and muscle pain
- Neuropathies (numbness and tingling)
- Elevated blood glucose levels
Is a Prescription Required for GH?
GH is legally prescribed only for FDA-approved conditions, with numerous off-label uses, including athletic enhancement and anti-aging treatments. Most off-label applications lack FDA endorsement due to potential risks outweighing benefits. Patients should consider serious side effects before starting any GH treatment.
Risks of GH Usage
The risks of overdose with GH can lead to dire health conditions like acromegaly. Additionally, GH may inadvertently stimulate cancer cell proliferation, increasing risks for leukemia and prostate cancer. Less critical side effects include fluid retention and joint pain. Those pursuing anti-aging therapies must judiciously weigh the possible risks against the perceived benefits.
Off-Label Uses
Bodybuilding
Among off-label applications, HGH is prevalent in anti-aging and bodybuilding circles. It remains one of the most abused substances among athletes, typically found in conjunction with other drugs. Determining which drug yields the best results can be challenging due to the cocktail nature of usage. Moreover, because it is tricky to detect, anabolic athletes gravitate toward growth hormone. Pricing for HGH hinges on sourcing and can range from $500 to $2,000 monthly, sometimes leading to counterfeit products.
Anti-Aging
Another prevalent off-label use of GH relates to anti-aging treatments. Despite high demand, HGH is not FDA-approved for such purposes, nor is there evidence validating its effectiveness against wrinkles or skin texture changes. The burgeoning anti-aging market for HGH products has generated a fictional $70 million industry, promoting ineffective alternatives that entice consumers willing to pay exorbitant fees for genuine GH injections.
Availability
Many individuals procure HGH through illegal channels, including stolen pharmaceutical supplies and prescriptions written without proper evaluation. Some obtain it via smuggling operations from Mexico or Europe, while numerous internet pharmacies provide it without stringent oversight. Inappropriate formulations of GH in spray or topical forms are common, despite poor absorption rates in alternative delivery methods.
Limitations of Testing
Detecting synthetic GH post-administration is extremely challenging, with current testing unable to identify it beyond 48 hours after injection, a detail well-known among athletes.
Sermorelin
Sermorelin, a newer compound counterfeited from its original form, is an active analog of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) that encourages GH production by the anterior pituitary. Since it remains undetectable in blood or urine after a certain timeframe, it poses challenges for detection in sports. Typically, significant effects of Sermorelin take 3-4 weeks to manifest, lacking major side effects compared to GH. However, it is not an effective substitute for primary GH therapy. Sermorelin typically costs between $300-$1,000 monthly.
Control Status
The prevalent abuse of HGH has triggered tighter Federal Regulations. Under the 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act, any possession or distribution of GH is criminalized with serious penalties. Current discussions may add HGH to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act. The World Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee classify GH as a performance-enhancing drug, thereby prohibiting its use in competitive sports.
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