HGH – Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone, commonly known as HGH, is a vital substance released by the anterior pituitary gland. Essential for normal growth and development, HGH levels peak during late adolescence before gradually declining in the second decade of life. Over the past 40 years, it has been utilized for specific medical treatments, but a surge in the use of HGH for various purposes—such as anti-aging, bodybuilding, and athletic performance—has emerged in recent decades. Today, it ranks among the top three substances abused by athletes.
What is Human Growth Hormone?
HGH, also referred to as hGH or GH, is the hormone that promotes cell growth, production, and metabolism within the body. Secreted by the pituitary gland, GH works synergistically with other hormones to facilitate proper growth and development. Levels are at their highest during puberty and decline significantly by age 40. HGH is readily available through health food stores, spas, and various alternative care practitioners, often marketed under names like Genotropin®, Humatrope®, and Norditropin®.
Pharmacology
Most HGH on the market is produced using recombinant DNA technology, primarily in the forms of somatropin and somatrem. Both types exhibit similar pharmacological properties, indistinguishable from natural GH once injected. HGH binds to receptor sites, stimulating various cellular functions resulting in physiological effects such as metabolism regulation and increased muscle and skeletal mass. Levels of GH typically rise with stress, sleep, and exercise.
When Do GH Levels Change?
Several medical conditions arise from abnormal GH levels. Excess HGH can lead to acromegaly, marked by enlarged extremities, or pituitary gigantism, resulting in extreme height. Conversely, a deficiency in GH can cause short stature and numerous health implications.
FDA-Approved Clinical Uses of GH
The FDA has sanctioned various injectable forms of HGH, available only through a licensed physician’s prescription. Initially approved in 1985 for short stature due to growth hormone deficiency (GHD), additional approvals include treatment for conditions such as Prader-Willi syndrome and chronic renal insufficiency. Evidence suggests that HGH therapy can result in:
- Increased muscle mass and bone density
- Decreased body fat
- Enhanced cognitive function
- Improved athletic performance
- Greater cardiovascular stress tolerance
Dosage
HGH is administered exclusively via injection—either subcutaneous or intramuscular. Although optimal dosing continues to be researched, many physicians base it on body weight, typically around 0.01-0.1 mg/kg. The available HGH can be found in either powder or liquid form, requiring solubilization in saline before injection.
Side Effects of HGH
HGH administration can lead to various side effects, including:
- Generalized edema
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint and muscle discomfort
- Neuropathies (numbness and tingling)
- Elevated blood glucose levels
Prescription Necessity
Legal prescriptions for GH are restricted to FDA-approved uses. However, off-label applications—like performance enhancement—are common, often leading to health risks that outweigh the potential benefits. Users must consider serious implications before commencing treatment.
Potential Risks of GH
Overdose of HGH carries risks associated with acromegaly and potential activation of undesirable cell growth, such as cancer. Milder side effects include fluid retention and joint pain. It’s crucial for individuals considering HGH for anti-aging or performance enhancement to weigh the associated risks against the benefits.
Off-Label Use in Bodybuilding
The illicit use of HGH is prevalent in bodybuilding and anti-aging circles, with prices ranging from $500-$2000 monthly. Its abuse is fueled by its difficult detection, enabling many athletes to avoid scrutiny.
Anti-Aging Applications
While many desire HGH to combat signs of aging, no evidence supports its efficacy in reversing wrinkles or improving skin texture. Fraudulent products claiming similar benefits generate extensive revenue in the anti-aging market, leading individuals to invest thousands annually for legitimate GH treatments.
Availability
Many acquire HGH unlawfully, with sourcing from pharmacies, illegal smuggling, or online vendors, often bypassing proper medical oversight. Incorrect methods of delivery, like sprays or topical gels, fail to effectively deliver GH due to minimal absorption.
Testing Limitations
Detecting synthetic GH is challenging, as it is only traceable for up to 48 hours post-injection, which athletes often use to their advantage.
Sermorelin
Sermorelin, a newer analogue of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), stimulates the natural production of GH. It is difficult to detect in the body, mirroring the current status of HGH within sports organizations. Taking 3-4 weeks to show effects, Sermorelin lacks the severity of GH side effects but is not a substitute if natural GH levels are absent, costing between $300-$1000 monthly.
Control Status
The abuse of HGH has led to stringent federal regulations. Under the 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act, unlawful possession or distribution may result in severe penalties, including jail time. In 2007, efforts were made to classify HGH as a schedule III drug, and it remains listed as a prohibited performance-enhancing substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee.
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