HGH – Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone, known as HGH, is a vital hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, playing a crucial role in normal growth and development. GH levels peak during late adolescence and begin to decline in the second decade of life. For over 40 years, growth hormone therapy has been used to treat specific medical disorders, but in recent decades, its appeal has surged. Middle-aged individuals seek it for anti-aging benefits, while teenagers and athletes utilize it to enhance muscle growth and performance. Among abused substances, growth hormone ranks as one of the top contenders.
What is Human Growth Hormone?
Human growth hormone, abbreviated as HGH, hGH, and GH, is a key hormone that stimulates cell production, growth, and metabolic processes in the human body. Produced by the pituitary gland, GH works alongside other hormones to regulate human development and growth. Levels of GH peak during puberty and decrease significantly after age 40.
Growth hormone is readily accessible in health food stores, spas, and various alternative health practitioners, often marketed under brand names such as Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, and Serostim.
Pharmacology
The majority of available GH is created using recombinant DNA technology; the two main synthetic types are somatropin and somatrem. Once injected, these synthetic forms behave identically to naturally occurring GH. Growth hormone binds to GH receptors in various tissues, prompting numerous cellular actions, including metabolism regulation, fluid balance, and an increase in muscle and skeletal mass. GH levels typically rise during stress, sleep, and exercise.
Conditions Affecting GH Levels
Various medical conditions may arise with abnormal GH levels, whether deficient or excessive. Elevated GH can lead to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged extremities and rapid cell proliferation, or pituitary gigantism, resulting in excessive height. Conversely, GH deficiency can cause significant health issues, including short stature.
Approved Clinical Uses of GH
The FDA has sanctioned several injectable forms of HGH, which are available only via prescription from licensed healthcare providers. Initially approved in 1985 to treat growth hormone deficiency (GHD), subsequent FDA approvals expanded to address conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, short stature from chronic renal insufficiency, Turner syndrome, and intrauterine growth retardation. GH therapy is also indicated for adults experiencing GHD due to pituitary tumors, as well as for cachexia associated with AIDS.
Evidence suggests GH injections may result in:
- Increased muscle mass and bone density
- Decreased body fat
- Improved mental function
- Enhanced exercise performance
- Greater cardiovascular tolerance
Dosage
GH is administered exclusively via injection—either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The dosing regimen can vary based on IGF levels or body weight, typically ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg. The product is often available as a powder that must be reconstituted in saline before administration.
Side Effects of Growth Hormone
Growth hormone therapy can result in several concerning side effects, including:
- Generalized edema
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint and muscle pain
- Neuropathy (e.g., tingling or numbness)
- Increased blood glucose levels
Prescription Requirements for GH
GH is legally prescribed solely for FDA-approved indications, though some individuals misuse it off-label for athletic performance enhancement and anti-aging. Many off-label applications lack FDA endorsement due to insufficient evidence supporting their efficacy compared to potential risks, including serious side effects.
Potential Risks of Taking GH
GH poses significant overdose risks, potentially leading to severe health issues like acromegaly. Additionally, its promotion of cell growth raises concerns about activating the proliferation of undesirable cells, such as cancer. Less severe side effects may include fluid retention, joint pain, and heightened risks of type 2 diabetes. Individuals contemplating GH therapy must weigh its potential benefits against serious risks.
Off-Label Use
Bodybuilding and anti-aging are common off-label applications of GH. It is extensively abused in sports but remains illegal to possess or sell. Bodybuilders frequently combine HGH with other drugs, complicating assessments of its effectiveness. Monthly costs range from $500 to $2000, making access challenging, with the risk of counterfeit products prevalent.
Anti-Aging
The quest for youthful appearance motivates many to seek GH treatments. However, despite claims, it is not FDA-approved for anti-aging, and no substantial evidence supports its effectiveness in reversing signs of aging, such as wrinkles.
The surge in HGH popularity has created a booming market for ineffective alternatives, enticing consumers to spend exorbitantly on unproven treatments.
Availability
Many individuals acquire HGH through illegal routes, including theft from pharmacies or off-label prescriptions from unscrupulous doctors. Smuggling from Mexico and Europe is common, and online pharmacies often dispense HGH without valid prescriptions. Despite legitimate administration requiring injection, various unapproved forms like sprays or topical gels are marketed, though their effectiveness is minimal.
Limitations of Testing
Detecting synthetic GH in the body is challenging. Current testing methods can only identify GH within 48 hours post-injection, a fact well-known among some athletes seeking to avoid detection.
Sermorelin
Sermorelin, a newer drug, is an analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) derived from human sources. Its use remains circumstantial, as it is not detected in blood or urine after a certain duration. While it fosters strength gradually over 3-4 weeks, it cannot effectively replace GH in individuals lacking it. Costs for Sermorelin typically range from $300 to $1000 monthly.
Control Status
The widespread abuse of HGH has led to regulatory actions, including the 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act, establishing severe penalties for unauthorized possession, distribution, or sale. The U.S. Senate also moved to classify HGH under controlled substances in 2007. Both the World Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee classify GH as a performance-enhancing drug, prohibiting its use in competitive sports.
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