HGH – Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone, known as HGH, is a vital substance produced by the anterior pituitary gland, essential for normal growth and development. This hormone, secreted from birth, peaks during late adolescence, with levels declining in the second decade of life. For over 40 years, growth hormone has been prescribed for various medical conditions, but in recent decades, its popularity has surged, especially among middle-aged individuals seeking anti-aging benefits, teenagers aiming for body enhancement, and athletes looking to improve performance. Notably, HGH ranks among the top three substances abused by athletes.
What is Human Growth Hormone?
HGH, abbreviated as hGH and GH, stimulates cell growth, production, and metabolic processes in the body. Produced by the anterior pituitary gland, GH works synergistically with other hormones to regulate growth and development, peaking at puberty before declining around age 40. Readily available in health food stores and through alternative care practitioners, growth hormone is often marketed under various brand names including Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, and Serostim.
Pharmacology
Most available GH products utilize recombinant DNA technology, available in forms such as somatropin and somatrem. Both synthetic types mimic the natural growth hormone effectively. By binding to GH receptors, it stimulates a range of cellular actions, impacting metabolism, fluid balance, and muscle mass. GH levels rise during stress, sleep, and exercise.
Conditions Affecting GH Levels
Altered GH levels can lead to several medical conditions. Excess human growth hormone can result in acromegaly, characterized by enlarged extremities and severe health complications, or pituitary gigantism, a condition of excessive height. Conversely, a GH deficiency can lead to serious health issues and short stature conditions.
Approved Clinical Uses of GH
The FDA has approved specific forms of HGH for treatment, available solely via prescription. Initially sanctioned in 1985 for growth hormone deficiency in children, it has since gained approval for numerous conditions including Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, and complications from chronic renal insufficiency. Recent approvals also include treatment for adults facing AIDS-related wasting syndrome. Research indicates that GH therapy can result in:
- Increased muscle mass and bone density
- Decreased body fat
- Enhanced cognitive function
- Improved exercise performance
- Greater cardiovascular resilience
Dosage
GH is administered solely through injection—either subcutaneous or intramuscular—since oral ingestion is ineffective. Dosing guidelines vary, often based on body weight, typically around 0.01-0.1 mg/kg. The available growth hormone comes in both powder and liquid forms, requiring solubilization in saline prior to injection.
Side Effects of Growth Hormone
Common side effects of GH use may include:
- Generalized edema
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint and muscle discomfort
- Neuropathies, such as numbness and tingling
- Elevated blood glucose levels
Prescription Requirement for GH
GH requires legal prescription for FDA-approved uses; however, it is often utilized off-label for performance enhancement and anti-aging, despite associated risks. Though marketed as a panacea, GH carries significant side effects that warrant caution prior to commencing treatment.
Potential Risks of Taking GH
Using GH carries an overdose risk, potentially leading to acromegaly and the promotion of abnormal cell growth, including cancer. Less severe side effects include fluid retention, joint pain, and increased diabetes risk. Individuals considering GH therapy must carefully weigh potential benefits against the associated risks.
Off-Label Use
Bodybuilding GH is commonly misused for bodybuilding and anti-aging; it ranks among the most abused substances in sports. Despite its illegal status, its availability and difficulty of detection contribute to its popularity. Bodybuilders often combine GH with various other performance-enhancing drugs to achieve optimal results, making it challenging to assess any single drug’s efficacy. Monthly expenses for HGH can range from $500 to $2000, with the risk of counterfeit products.
Anti-Aging
Certain individuals seek GH to combat aging, though it is not FDA-approved for such purposes and lacks scientific backing for reversing skin aging. Despite claims leading to a lucrative $70 million market for counterfeit versions, true HGH injections can cost between $10,000 and $20,000 annually, typically administered in anti-aging clinics or spas.
Availability
Many obtain HGH illegally, including via theft from pharmacies or fraudulent prescriptions. Products may also be smuggled from abroad or purchased from questionable online pharmacies, often circumventing proper medical oversight. Despite legitimate methods being limited to injections, some marketing misinformation promotes ineffective delivery methods like sprays or gels.
Testing Limitations
Detecting synthetic GH remains challenging. Current testing methods may only identify the hormone within 48 hours post-injection, allowing athletes to engage in risky practices with little fear of detection.
Sermorelin
Sermorelin, a newer compound mimicking growth hormone-releasing hormone, is often counterfeited. It stimulates GH release from the anterior pituitary but offers minimal effect for those lacking GH. Designed for the aging population, its effects manifest in 3-4 weeks and include fewer major side effects than GH, with a price range of $300-$1000 per month for treatment.
Control Status
The widespread misuse of HGH has prompted federal regulations and the 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act, classifying illegal possession or distribution as a criminal offense. Proposed legislation aims to add HGH to the list of controlled substances, with organizations like WADA listing it as a performance-enhancing drug, effectively banning its use among athletes.
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